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C2011|grandfatherclock| clock repair| repair clock
The Origins Of The Grandfather Clock
| An English lantern clock, made in London around 1650. Short 10' pendulum and verge escapement. Because of the short pendulum it could stand on a table, but the timekeeping was poor. |
| Another Lantern clock, C1675, with the 'new' long pendulum and anchor escapement this clock had to be hung on the wall to run. Often known as 'hoop and spike' clocks because of the iron hoop to hang the clock from, and the spikes at the bottom to dig in the wall and keep the clock steady. From now on the timekeeping of clocks improved by a huge amount using the longer pendulum and 'anchor' escapement. |
| Around the same period, with a slightly larger dial and a wooden hood to keep the dust out of the clock movement. Still the same lantern clock movement inside, but without the expensive brass body. It would not be long before the weights and pendulum were enclosed altogether to stop the pendulum being knocked accidentally when walking past the clock. |
| The first fully-enclosed clock known dates to 1665, the one pictured here was made by Edward East in London, dated 1685. Now instantly recognisable as a longcase, or 'grandfather' clock. This style lasted for two hundred years till around 1880, when huge imports of cheap mass-produced German and American clocks put an end to longcase manufacture for good. Only a few custom-built grandfather clocks were made after this date. |
Brass Dials
If your grandfather clockhas a brass dial, it was probably made in the period between 1680 and 1770, andmost likely between 1700 and 1770. The ones made before 1700 are very rare. Mostof them only had one hand, because the average person had noneed of knowing the time to the nearest minute, and with a bit of experience youcan tell the time to the nearest five minutes on one of these early clocks.
By1730 the vast majority of grandfather clocks had two hands, for the hours and minutes.One-handed clocks continued to be made in country areas for a long time, so one handis not an absolute guarantee of an early clock, but is a good guide. Village life was very conservative, and the people living invillages at this time still had no real need of “to the minute” time.
Fromaround 1730 -1770 (all these figures are approximate)the brass dial clock was made all over England in ever-increasing numbers, andthe dials became more ornate as time went on, especially on the eight-dayclocks. More features appeared, such as seconds hands in a small subsidiarydial, date hands or wheels, and moon phases, usually in an arch on top of thedial, but sometimes in small aperture in the dial itself
Hereare a few more features to look for when dating your clock : -
Brassdials continued to be made in the Southern counties until 1830 or even later.
Thelater Southern clocks usually have a dial which is a single sheet of thin brass,silvered all over and resembling an early painted dial at first glance. Period1800 onwards.
Anotherlate feature on Southern dials was a plain, un-matted engraved and silvered dialcentre - C.1775 onwards.
Brassdials tended to simplify again from C.1750 onwards, the decorative half-hourmarkers were replaced by an easier to engrave simple diamond shape, or left offaltogether.
Dialcentres were matted till C.1700, then engraved all over with foliage typedesigns till C.1730. Some dials were then engraved over a matted centre, the SamLomax dial below right is a good example of this. Eventually most clocks wentback to a plain or matted centre again. Yes, it can all get a bit confusing attimes - - -
Early8 day dials had decorative rings round the winding holes, these were left offfrom C.1750 onwards.
Thelunette date aperture appeared C. 1750, with a fixed hand pointing to the datenumber. ( see Lomax dial below ) The date numbers were engraved on a wheel whichrevolved behind the dial to show the current date number.
FromC.1760 onwards, the edges of any cut-outs on the dial were scalloped fordecoration, moon phase, seconds, date, etc. This feature started to appearC1760, and continued afterwards on good quality work.
Earlyclocks 1680 to 1700 had a small dial, eight or nine inches square. 1700 to 1740the size went to ten inches square, 1740 to 1770 the dial is likely to be eleveninches, and by 1770 the size went to twelve inches and stayed that size. Thereare exceptions to these sizes of course, but they are a good general guide whentaken with other features.
Anotherdate clue I have noticed during clock repairs is that any screws in an earlymovement (1680 to 1750) have square heads. After 1750 the screw heads are round,and the thread profile is better cut.
From1730 longcase clocks ceased being made in London, the clockmakers followed thedemands of fashion, and made bracket, or shelf clocks. Provincial clockmakers,many trained in London, made large numbers of longcase clocks from 1700 rightthrough to 1880, when imports of cheap German and American wall and mantleclocks put an end to the making of longcase clocks altogether.
A'bird-cage' movement (it has vertical pillars and the plates arehorizontal top and bottom) is often taken to be a sign of an early clock. Thisis not guaranteed however, in Southern England the clockmakers continued to makethis type of movement from the start right through to 1820. The bird-cagemovement is a guide to location, not date. Very few Northern makers usedthis movement, it was essentially the same as the even earlier Lantern Clockmovement. Northern makers had no tradition of making these clocks, so used thenormal plated movement (vertical plates, horizontal pillars) from the start oftheir clockmaking.
5 Minute Dating In Marlborough Ct
Somecase features - - - Early clock trunk doors fit flush inside the door opening,from 1730 onwards the door was given a larger edge and covered the hole sides byfitting against the case front.
Aconvex moulding under the hood is another reliable sign of a pre 1710 clock,after this date again with a very few exceptions, usually in rural areas, themouldings were always concave.
Hoodpillars were barley-sugar twist until 1705, then either plain or fluted afterthis date. Up to C. 1700 the hood pillars were attached to the hood door, andopened with it. Some Southern clocks continued this to the end of the brass dialperiod, but by 1715 the vast majority were separate from the door, fitted to thehood frame.
Castbrass capitals were fitted to the columns on the hood, and on the trunk iffitted, from 1740 onwards on the more expensive clocks.
Countryclocks often have a rather plain, but nicely proportioned Oak case, often with aflat top, but after 1740 the fashion came in to put horns on the top, oftendecorated with round wood or brass facings.
The'caddy' top was used from 1690 to 1710, then the fashion changed tothe 'pagoda' top, often with three ball and spire decorations screwedon right, left and centre. This type of hood top carried on from 1740 right tothe end of the brass dial period.
Marquetrywas used on top-end cases in London from 1675 to 1720. There are almost noprovincial marquetry cases.
Japanned,or Lacquered cases were fashionable from 1725 to 1770, some Northern examplesare around, but many were stripped back to the wood years ago, when our climatecaused the finish to deteriorate badly.
Pendulumstoo have a time progression, 1680 to 1740 they had a thin wire rod with a smallrounded bob, often plain lead. From 1740 to 1800 the wire rod stayed, but thebob became flattened into a saucer shape, around four inches in diameter, oftenwith a brass case. The late ones 1800 to 1880 have a wide flat strip of ironinstead of the wire rod, and the same four inch brass-faced bob. Sometimes thebob is cast iron with a decorative pattern, and painted gold or black.
Leadweights were always used until C. 1770. Quality clocks had brass-cased leadweights. Cast Iron weights were used on nearly all painted dial clocks - - - acast iron weight on a brass dial clock is not original.
Agood reliable sign of an early clock is the half-hour marker (between the bigroman numerals) being a cross with arrow heads . The base of the cross runsright down into the chapter ring edge. C. 1670 to 1705.
Thesame early clocks had the minutes numbered inside the minute band, and quitesmall C. 1670 to 1695. From 1695 the minute ring is moved inwards on the chapterring, and the numbers engraved outside the minute ring.
Anotherclue - - - the minute number 5 had a short tail until 1710, this tail grewlonger over time, by 1750 the tail almost curled right round to form a circle.Easier to see than describe, but unmistakable once you have seen it.
Abit of detective work looking for all the clues, then taking them all togethershould enable you to have a very good idea of when your clock was made. If thedial has a signature and place name this is another helpful source ofinformation, there are several directories of clockmakers available - -- don't be too disappointed if your clock maker is not listed, there weremany, many one-man makers working in England who only made a few clocksaltogether because they were busy farming, or weaving, or blacksmithing and madethe clocks in winter for an extra income.
Southin these notes means all the South of England, as far up as the South Midlands.North means Birmingham to Scotland.
Ifyou are thinking of buying a clock, these notes should help you to avoid some ofthe 'altered' clocks, of which there are many - - - unscrupulousantique dealers used to put a good brass dial eight day movement in a niceMahogany case to increase it's value. (This is called a 'marriage' bythe dealers) Of course they then put the painted dial movement in theplain Oak or Pine case, and sold it off cheaply. Unfortunately there are lots ofthese clocks around still, if you want a nice original clock you need to knowwhat to look for. I hope some of the features I have given here will help youmake an informed choice of clock.
An early10' brass dial, one handed,circa 1710A later 12' brass dial, circa 1760
CLUES TO THE DATE CAN BEFOUND IN THE HANDS, MOVEMENT PILLARS, AND SPANDRELS. THESE FEATURES ARE NOTABSOLUTE, BUT BY TAKING THEM TOGETHER WITH OTHER INDICATORS A GOOD IDEA OF THEDATE TO WITHIN TEN YEARS CAN BE FOUND.
HANDS
A: These hands were usual on London clocks from about 1685 to 1700, then were re-used in the provinces later. |
B: As above. |
C: As above. |
D: 1700 to 1715 in London, around 1730 to 1740 in the provinces. |
E: As above. |
F: As above. |
G: Very common pattern provincially 1725 to 1750 |
H: Often used outside London 1700 to 1725 |
J: Used in the provinces 1715 to 1735 |
K: As above. |
L: Very popular 1750 to 1800 |
M: Again, much used North and South 1750 to 1800 |
N: Final form of hands on brass dials 1780 to 1820 Also used on the first painted dials of the same period |
P: As above. |
Q: As above. |
Movement Pillars
No 1 An early period 'finned' pillar, often used by London makers, and good provincial clockmakers. 1660 to 1740 |
No 2 middle period, very common pattern 1740 to 1800 |
No 3 Late period pattern, 1800 and after. |
Dial Spandrels
( These tend to be a better date guide thanhands, which were often broken and replaced )
1. London, pre 1700, very rare on provincial clocks | |
2. First appeared C1685, peak use provinces 1695 to 1710 | |
3. Often used by Thomas Thompion, but appears 1695 to 1730 on provincial clocks. | |
4. Very popular outside London 1700 to 1725 Can be seen on the early brass dial pictured above. | |
5. A large spandrel, mainly used in Northern England C 1750 to 1775 | |
6. Used in London from 1700, and in the provinces C 1725 to1740 | |
7. First appears in the provinces 1715, very popularC1730 to 1740 | |
8. As above ( 7 ) | |
9. Very much used in the South and South Midlands on cottage clocks 1730 to 1750 | |
10. First known example 1709, very popular 1730 to 1765. | |
11. First example 1750, but much used 1765 to 1785 | |
12. Provincial pattern, 1755 to 1780 | |
13. As above ( 12 ) | |
14. Rococo pattern, used 1760 to 1785 | |
15. Arch dial spandrel, 1760 to 1785 | |
) | 16. Used together with ( 15 ) above 1760 to 1785 |
Painted dial clocks, often called “whitedial clocks” in Britain.
Painted dial clocks appeared about1765 to 1780, and after this the brass dial clock ceased to be made, again withjust a few exceptions in rural areas, especially the far southern counties ofEngland. The majority of English grandfather clocks were made in The Midlandsand the North of England. The new painted dial was cheaper and easier to produceand easier to read by the poor light available at night, so the brass dial wasdropped from production over a very brief period, for our purposes it is fair tosay that no brass dial clock was made in the big clock making centers after1780.
It may be worth a mention herethat the clocks we are talking about were no different apart from the dialitself; everything else remained the same in both cases, only the dial changed.
Fortunately the painted dials thenfollowed a certain progression as the fashions slowly changed over time, thismeans that we can usually date a clock to the nearest five to ten years. - - -And it also means we can see at a glance the important features without havingto dismantle the clock.
Whitedials were first made in Birmingham, England in 1772.
The first white dials from 1772 to1800 were lovely, simply and sparingly decorated, and with much of the whitebackground showing. Decoration consisted of spandrels painted on in gold paintin the four corners, (probably to resemble the cast brass spandrels fitted tobrass dials.) Sometimes a swag of flowers or similar was painted on the dialface, but again very sparingly and restrained. The hands were made of steel,very fine, often blued or blacked and not exactly matching.
Another year indication of anearly dial is the use of dots for the minutes with small Arabic numerals roundthe dial at 5, 10, 15 minutes etc. Thehoursare marked by Roman Numerals.
Twoearly painted dials, circa 1775 to 1780
From 1800 to around 1830, again the styleof the dial changed slightly. The minutes were usually dots, and not the linesinside two narrow concentric circles that we are used to, but often the minute numberschanged to the quarters only, instead of every five minutes. The missing numberswere often replaced with little symbols, often looking like stars.
At this time it also becamefashionable to use Arabic numerals for the hours instead of Roman numerals. Thepainted background decoration is starting to spread out too; arched dials have ascene painted in the arch, often with a spray of flowers on each side. Thecorner painting is spreading a little too, and the imitation spandrels are nowoften geometric designs, or a fan shape, or a floral design, which fills thecorner.
Twomiddle period dials with Arabic hour numbers. Circa 1810 to 1820
Now we come to the later clocks,of around 1830 to 1880. In the North of England after 1830 grandfather clocksgradually got bigger and bigger, until by the end of the period some of themwere huge - - - the dials were often fifteen inches wide and the clocks wereeight feet tall, sometimes nine feet or more.
Given the larger area of dial tobe decorated the dial painters went to town, the corner paintings became littlemasterpieces in their own right, and the decoration spread from the corner rightup the side of the dial circle, to meet the next corner painting, and so on.Most of these clocks have an arched dial, and the artist painted in a largescene, often a biblical illustration, or a country scene, a nautical scene, aruined abbey, or something ordered specially by the customer.
The hours have gone back to Romannumerals and stay that way; the hands are normally highly decorated brass andmatching. These brass hands were used after 1830 for the rest of the period whengrandfather clocks were made, in other words up to 1880, possibly in a few rarecases to 1890.
The minutes are shown by a minuteband, two concentric circles close together, with lines inside to represent eachminute instead of minute numbers. There are occasional exceptions of course,some makers seemed to have a favorite feature which they kept using long aftereverybody else had moved on - - - Date and seconds subsidiary dials are usualnow, and the small ornate hands fitted to these are also brass and matching.
Twolater dials, the painting filling the dial and arch. Circa 1840 to 1850
Another late dial, from the end of the Grandfather clock production days. Not much white left on here - - - Center seconds hand and large date hand, rolling moon phases in the arch. Very typical of the late dials, except for the center seconds and use of minute numbers. These may be used as seconds here. Circa 1860 to 1870 |
To finish off, here is a quickguide to the various white dial features and their dates:
Some of these features canoverlap, but looking at all of them gives a good guide to the approximate year.
(Of course, all dates areapproximate, to the nearest ten years.)
Numbering
Dotted Minutes1770 to 1800
Minutes numbered every fiveminutes1770 to 1800
Minutes numbered every quarterhour1800 to 1820
No minute numbers1820 to 1880
Roman hour numerals1770to1800then1825to1880
Arabic hour numerals1800 to 1825
Full minute band1815 to 1880
Corner decoration
Flowers or fruit1770 to 1800
Fans, shells or abstract1790 to 1830
No painting - left blank1780 to 1820
Gold imitation spandrels1775 to 1785
Arch decoration
Name of maker1770 to 1780
Flowers or birds1770 to 1795
Small painting on white background1795 to 1815
Full painted scene1820 to 1880
Moon dial1770 to 1830
Dial size
10” to 13”1770 to 1810
13” to 15”1810 to 1880
Square dial1770 to 1825
Arch dial1770 to 1880
Hands
Steel1770 to 1815
Brass1815 to 1880
FIRST AND LAST - - -
A very early unsigned 6.5' square dial, C1680 | A very late 15' dial, C1880 |
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C2011|grandfatherclock| clock repair| repair clock